# KPV peptide references: the cited research literature | KPV Compound

> Full reference list for the KPV peptide research summarized on this site, with DOIs and PubMed links: PepT1 uptake, NF-kB/MAPK suppression, murine colitis, corneal repair, and review sources.

Every quantitative claim on this site maps to one of these sources. Identifiers were verified against PubMed and Crossref; check them at the source, not at aggregators.

## Primary studies and reviews

The list below is the full citation set for this site, numbered to match the inline markers across the research, mechanism, dosage, legal-status, and FAQ pages. The KPV evidence base is in vitro and animal work plus reviews; no human clinical trial is among these sources. The regulatory page additionally draws on the FDA's public 503A compounding pages and the published agenda of the July 23-24, 2026 Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee meeting.

## References

[1] Dalmasso G, Charrier-Hisamuddin L, Nguyen HT, Yan Y, Sitaraman S, Merlin D. PepT1-mediated tripeptide KPV uptake reduces intestinal inflammation. Gastroenterology. 2008;134(1):166-178. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18061177/
[2] Kannengiesser K, Maaser C, Heidemann J, et al. Melanocortin-derived tripeptide KPV has anti-inflammatory potential in murine models of inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2008;14(3):324-331. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18092346/
[3] Getting SJ, Schioth HB, Perretti M. Dissection of the anti-inflammatory effect of the core and C-terminal (KPV) alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone peptides. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2003;306(2):631-637. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12750433/
[4] Brzoska T, Luger TA, Maaser C, Abels C, Bohm M. Alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone and related tripeptides: biochemistry, antiinflammatory and protective effects in vitro and in vivo, and future perspectives for the treatment of immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. Endocr Rev. 2008;29(5):581-602. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18612139/
[5] Xiao B, Xu Z, Viennois E, et al. Orally Targeted Delivery of Tripeptide KPV via Hyaluronic Acid-Functionalized Nanoparticles Efficiently Alleviates Ulcerative Colitis. Mol Ther. 2017;25(7):1628-1640. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28143741/
[6] Bonfiglio V, Camillieri G, Avitabile T, Leggio GM, Drago F. Effects of the COOH-terminal tripeptide alpha-MSH(11-13) on corneal epithelial wound healing: role of nitric oxide. Exp Eye Res. 2006;83(6):1366-1372. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16965771/
[7] Mandrika I, Muceniece R, Wikberg JE. Alpha-melanocyte-related tripeptide, Lys-d-Pro-Val, ameliorates endotoxin-induced nuclear factor kappaB translocation and activation. Biochem J. 2001;355(Pt 1):29-35. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11256945/
[8] Spana C, Taylor AW, Yee DG, Makhlina M, Yang W, Dodd J. The Melanocortin System in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: Insights into Its Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potentials. Cells. 2023;12(14):1889. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37508552/
[9] Bohm M, Schiller M, Stander S, et al. Alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, MSH 11-13 KPV and adrenocorticotropic hormone signalling in human keratinocyte cells. J Invest Dermatol. 2004;122(3):597-603. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15102092/
[10] Xiao W, et al. Alpha-Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone Protects against Cytokine-Induced Barrier Damage in Caco-2 Intestinal Epithelial Monolayers. PLoS One. 2017;12(1):e0170537. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28103316/
[11] Dettin M, et al. Structural modification of the tripeptide KPV by reductive glycoalkylation of the lysine residue. PLoS One. 2018;13(6):e0199686. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29953505/
[12] Barcellini W, Colombo G, La Maestra L, et al. Alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone peptides inhibit HIV-1 expression in chronically infected promonocytic U1 cells and in acutely infected monocytes. J Leukoc Biol. 2000;68(5):693-699. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11073109/
[13] Catania A, Cutuli M, Garofalo L, et al. New insights into the functions of alpha-MSH and related peptides in the immune system. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2003;994:133-140. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12851308/
[14] Ji HX, Zou YL, Duan JJ, et al. The synthetic melanocortin (CKPV)2 exerts anti-fungal and anti-inflammatory effects against Candida albicans vaginitis via inducing macrophage M2 polarization. PLoS One. 2013;8(2):e56004. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23457491/
[15] Zhang D, et al. PepT1-targeted nanodrug based on co-assembly of anti-inflammatory peptide and immunosuppressant for combination treatment of acute and chronic DSS-induced colitis. Front Pharmacol. 2024;15:1442876. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39211778/

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A two-sided reading of the KPV tripeptide record — the PepT1 gut-uptake and NF-kB findings logged to source on one plane, the research-only FDA status held plainly on the other; no clinic behind the seam and nothing here dispensed or sold.